"Mr. [Henry] Kundert, Sr., came to the United States in
1853 with his mother and their first location was in Wisconsin. He walked from
Wisconsin to Lincoln, Nebraska, and a little later from Lincoln to Beresford,
South Dakota [Dakota Territory], where he took up a homestead claim which he
improved and farmed until 1898. He then
sold the property and with the proceeds bought land in the central part of
South Dakota. He operated an entire section
of land and made a specialty of breeding Poland China hogs and being very
successful both in his breeding and farming operations he became a very wealthy
man. He is now seventy-three years old
and he and his wife are living in Yankton, South Dakota. Mrs. Kundert being
sixty-nine years of age.”[i]
Henry E. Kundert (1880-1958), a banker from Brainerd, Minnesota.
He had a biographical entry in Minnesota and Its People Volume 4. The entry
decribed how his father, Henry H. Kundert (and also my great-grandmother Amanda
Boegli’s (1873-1942) uncle) came to the Dakota Territory. This book, published
in 1924 by S.J. Clarke Publishers of Chicago, Illinois, could be described as a
vanity book. One usually paid to get included in the book providing the
biography and sometimes a photograph or illustrated portrait. The genealogical information contained in
these entries ranged from accurate to exaggeration.[ii]
S.J. Clarke Publishers produced many town and county histories from across the
United States and Canada.
Walking to Dakota
The first leg of the journey from New Glarus to Lincoln,
Nebraska would have taken about 147 hours or six days by foot according to
Google Maps calculations. From Lincoln to Beresford in the Dakota Territory is a
178 miles or 58 hours. Henry undertook this trip in the early to mid-1870s. Iowa
was blanketed with small towns and farms.
While the transcontinental railroad had been completed in 1869, railroads
only began completing lines across Iowa in the late 1870s.[iii]
He may have stopped for a while along
the way to work on farms or in towns to earn money. To attract settlers,
Lincoln, Nebraska promoted the wealth of the nearby salt basins. While this did
not pan out, Lincoln became the state capitol.[iv] Henry moved on to Beresford in the Dakota
Territory. He had traveled much farther than 600 miles in 1853, immigrating
from Rüti, Glarus, Switzerland to New Glarus, Wisconsin, an estimated 5,000-mile
trip.
Background in Switzerland
Henry was born Johann Heinrich Kundert in 1850 in Rüti to Johann
Heinrich Kundert (1819-1851) and Elsbeth Kundert (1823-1886). Johann Heinrich, Sr. died in 1851 at the age
of thirty-two, leaving Elsbeth a widow with seven children, the oldest, Jacob
(1842-1862), about nine years old and the youngest, Caspar (1851-1914), an
infant. Henry himself was still less than a year old.
Immigration to New Glarus, Wisconsin
In 1853 Henry, with mother Elsbeth, maternal grandmother
Sara Voegeli Kundert (1792-1886) and siblings, immigrated to the United States.
The manifest for the passenger ship, Liddons, includes thirty-one people with
the surname Kundert along with other families from Glarus including Voegelis,
Schindlers, and Streiffs.[v]
They journeyed from Glarus to Liverpool, England before crossing the Atlantic
Ocean to New York City.
The destination was the Swiss colony in New Glarus, Wisconsin
established in 1845, three years before Wisconsin’s statehood. Henry’s
brother-in-law, John Luchsinger, wrote an article about the colony and was published
in the Wisconsin Historical
Collections, Volume XII in
1892. Here is a link to images of John Luchsinger’s article - The planting of the Swiss colony at
New Glarus, Wis. | Library of Congress (loc.gov). Here is
a link from the Library of Congress with pages from the diary of Mathias Duerst
who recorded the trip - Diary
of one of the original colonist of New Glarus, 1845 | Library of Congress
(loc.gov).
There were several Kundert families among the 1845 New
Glarus colonists. Only one Kundert family seems to have continued on to New
Glarus – the Paulus and Barbara Zopfi Kundert family. Paulus was born in Rüti in 1785. He died in New Glarus in 1852.[vi] Probably a relative to Henry but the connection
has not been made.
Elsbeth’s oldest brother, Thomas Kundert (1813-1882), had
already immigrated to New Glarus in 1847. An 1853 naturalization record says
that Thomas arrived in New York City on 4 May 1847 with his wife Amelia Hoesly
(1820-1889) and several children.[vii]
Thomas and his family are listed in the
1850 Federal Census for New Glarus Township.[viii]
Elsbeth’s older sister, Anna Kundert Babler, actually took a
different ship, the Rosalie, from Antwerp and arrived in New York one
day earlier than Elsbeth on 2 May 1853.[ix]
Elsbeth had a number of siblings that did not survive to adulthood. All but one
of the remaining siblings came to America as far as can be determined. Her only known sibling remaining in
Switzerland was Caspar Kundert (1815-1886). Many of his children came to
America later.
No Statue of Liberty greeted the Kunderts when they arrived
in America as it was not erected until 1886. Immigrants were received at Castle Garden Island,
a precursor to Ellis Island. The U.S. president
was Franklin Pierce (1804-1869), who had become president in the wake of the
Compromise of 1850. The Compromise was
meant to end the dispute over slavery in the new territories following the
Mexican-American War. The Compromise included the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 making
it easier for slaveowners to recover runaway enslaved people.[x]
From New York City the Kunderts may
have traveled via the Erie Canal, a common route between 1840 and 1860.[xi]
The Canal was a 363-mile waterway connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic
Ocean via New York State. I researched the Disch family who settled in
Milwaukee. According to a story, the
family traveled by ox cart from New Jersey to Milwaukee.
New Glarus
Elsbeth settled her family in New Glarus Township. In 1855 Elsbeth married Dow Locke.[xii] One child was born to this marriage, Henry’s
half-brother Thomas Locke (1857-1913). The marriage appears over by 1860.
Elsbeth was listed as the head of household in the 1860 Federal Census with no
sign of Mr. Locke. A Dow Locke was
living in Waseca County, Minnesota in 1860 but it has not been established that
they are the same person. Thomas Locke
is listed as Thomas Kundert in the census. Thomas owned and operated the Mount
Horeb House Hotel at 104-106 S. Second St, Mount Horeb, Wisconsin from 1891
until 1902.[xiii]
The connection between Thomas and the Kundert family was found in A History
and Genealogy of the Dahle-Kittleson and Locke-Ness Families by Thomas
Locke Dahle.[xiv]
In the same year Elsbeth married Dow Locke, her older sister
Anna Kundert Babler died in June following childbirth that May. [xv]
She was married to Jacob Babler and she had given birth to at least ten
children between 1841 and 1855 but only one child, Peter Babler (1845-1905), appears
to have survived to adulthood.
Henry Kundert is not listed in the 1860 Federal Census with
his mother’s household. He would have
been around ten years old. There is a
Henry Kundert in the household of Markus and Magdalena Hefty in Washington
Township but a connection to this Henry Kundert has not been made.[xvi]
In 1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected President. South Carolina declared it was
seceding at the end of the year.
The watershed event of the 1860s was the American Civil War.
Henry took no part in it. He was ten
years old in 1860. His oldest brother,
Jacob Kundert, was with the 2nd Wisconsin Infantry, part of the Iron Brigade of
the West, and died at the battle of Antietam in September 1862.
In the 1870 Federal Census, Henry’s occupation was farm
laborer and lived with his brother Abraham and Abraham's wife Katherine
Hoesly. Elsbeth Kundert also lived with
them.[xvii]
The 1870 Census included an Agricultural Census. The farm had 100 acres of improved land and
60 acres unimproved with two horses, four milk cows, and eight swine. The following crops were produced: 320
bushels spring wheat, 100 bushels corn, and 300 bushels oats.[xviii]
The biggest cash crop for Wisconsin farmers was wheat, going back to early
settlement. An essay from Wisconsinhistory.org describes the decline of wheat
farming:
“Most of the people who immigrated intended to become
farmers, especially of wheat because of its low initial planting cost and
relative high rate of return. Wisconsin was producing the second highest wheat
yield in the U.S. by 1860. Over the next five years, Wisconsin farmers
harvested over 100 million bushels, more than two-thirds of which were
exported. Wheat production peaked statewide in 1870 but signs of its decline
had already been evident as early as the 1850s in some areas of the state. Three
factors led to its decline: soil depletion, unsteady prices, and the railroads.
Railroad development made eastern markets more accessible at the same time that
it opened up more fertile lands west of Wisconsin, in Minnesota and the
Dakotas.”[xix]
Consequently, by the early 1870s,
people were headed west for new land.
Going to the Dakota Territory
An article regarding a Glarner colony in Beresford, South
Dakota is contained in Patrick Wild’s website called the glarusfamilytree.com.[xx]
According to Wild, a group of Swiss from New Glarus, who all served in the same
Civil War company, decided to move to the Dakotas in the early 1870s attracted
by the promise of the Homestead Act of 1862.[xxi]
The Homestead Act was passed by Congress in 1862 to boost settlement of western
lands. A 160-acre farm might cost $18 (about $432 in 2021 dollars). A settler
had to homestead on the property for five years. Advertisements promised
abundant farmland.[xxii]
Henry was among those that would make a homestead claim.
A number of men from the New Glarus area served with Company
K of the Ninth Wisconsin Infantry.[xxiii] The regiment spent time in Kansas, Missouri,
and what was called Indian Territory where the members became familiar with the
Great Plains. The first group to go west was comprised of Fridolin Kundert (1823-1891),
a distant relative of Henry Kundert’s on his paternal line. Mathias Schmid (1830-1915),
Henry Kundert’s future father-in-law. Thomas Voegeli (1826-) and Gabriel
Voegeli (1843-1921) both distant relatives from Henry Kundert’s paternal line. Mathias
Duerst (1833-1917) an uncle married to Elsbeth Kundert’s sister Rosina Kundert
(1831-1896).[xxiv]
Patrick Wild writes on glarusfamilytree.com:
“About 1872/73 the small band of ex
Civil War compatriots from New Glarus (Fridolin Kundert, Mathias Schmid, Thomas
and Gabriel Voegeli and Mathias Duerst) set out for government lands in
Pleasant Township, Dakota Territory (later South Dakota). They traveled to
Wright County, Iowa where they rested and worked and then onward to take up
these homesteads. The group arrived in 1873 and filed claims at the Yankton,
Dakota Territory land office, more than 60 miles away. It could take a decade
or more before they had free and clear ownership of the property. In addition
to land claims, they filed Tree Claims to help plant trees to break up the
prairie. There were cottonwood trees and other small trees along creeks and
rivers. The wood was too soft for construction. Most wood had to be shipped
into the area for buildings, although some maple and elm were available….
They built sod houses, heated with
twisted hay bundles and dried cow dung (called by the pioneers - cow chips).
They had a wood cook stove but found only a ration of corn meal mush and bread
and what game they could find. They picked wild chicory to grind and make a
coffee type drink. There were massive prairie fires and grasshopper invasions….”
[xxv]
Among other settlers in the Dakota Territory in the same
period was Charles Ingalls Wilder with his daughter, Laura Ingalls Wilder,
author of the Little House on the Prairie. The website Littlehouseonprairie.com
describes the Territory:
“For decades after early white explorers traversed them,
the Great Plains had remained unsettled [Except for the people already
living there]. Long known for grasshopper plagues and Indian
hostilities, the prairies were remarkable more for aridity than for fertility,
a fact not lost on cautious farmers, who first snapped up richer, well-watered
lands further east. The railroad hastened to assure newcomers that “the Indians
have been removed,” but the other insurmountable challenge of the Plains
remained: the climate. When the Ingalls family left Walnut Grove, Minnesota,
for Dakota Territory, they were moving to a far drier and notoriously fickle
country.”[xxvi]
Here is a link about the homesteading process: HomesteadingDakota.pdf
(sd.gov).
When did Henry arrive in the Dakota Territory?
Henry was still in Wisconsin when the census taker came on July
8, 1870. A 1905 South Dakota State
Census entry reported that he arrived in the Dakotas about 1874.[xxvii]
In subsequent state censuses the arrival year was reported as 1875. As noted
above, the Swiss families that came before, stopped in Iowa to rest and work
for a while before moving on to the Dakota Territory. Possibly, Henry stayed
for a while in Lincoln, Nebraska to earn money but did not stay. Henry’s oldest
documented child, Otto, was born 6 September 1878 in the Dakota Territory.[xxviii]
An 1887 article in the Canton Advocate from Canton, South Dakota reported that
Henry arrived in 1873.[xxix]
Henry reported that he was naturalized in the 1900 Federal
Census.[xxx]
He became a naturalized citizen in the jurisdiction of Green County, Wisconsin
on March 2, 1874.[xxxi]
If this is the same Henry Kundert, did he begin the process in Wisconsin and
come back to finish it or had he stayed in Wisconsin until early 1874? No
record of naturalization has been found in a South Dakota jurisdiction. So, he
may have come to the Dakota Territory between 1873 and 1875. South Dakota did
not become a state until late 1889.
In the early 1870s America Ulysses Grant was president. The Panic of 1873 caused the first 'Great
Depression' in the United States and reverberated abroad lasting until about
1879.[xxxii] Jesse James and the James-Younger Gang committed
the first successful train robbery in the American West, taking three thousand
dollars from the Rock Island Express at Adair, Iowa about sixty miles west of
Des Moines in 1873. The Women's Crusade of 1873-74 founded in Fredonia, New
York marched against retail liquor dealers, leading to the creation of the
Woman's Christian Temperance Union. Susan B. Anthony illegally cast a
presidential ballot at Rochester, New York to publicize the cause of a woman's
right to vote. The Seventh Cavalry under the command of Lt. Colonel George
Armstrong Custer engaged the Sioux for the first time in Montana in 1873. [xxxiii] This was also the era of Reconstruction
in the south.
Settled in the Dakota Territory
Henry married Anna Katharina Schmid [I will refer to her as
Katharina going forward] about 1875 as reported in the 1900 Federal Census.[xxxiv]
Katharina was born about 1856 in New Glarus, Wisconsin to Matthias and
Magdalena Duerst Schmid. Mathias and Magdalena had come to the Dakota Territory
in the early 1870s as part of the first group of Glarners mentioned above. Katharina’s
grandparents Mathias and Anna Katharina Schmid and her father Mathias were among
the original New Glarus colonists in 1845.[xxxv]
In 1880 Henry and Katharina lived in Pleasant Township,
Lincoln County, Dakota Territory. The
county is located just south of Sioux Falls, South Dakota and on the border
with Iowa. There were two children, Otto, age 1, and Henry, age 4 months. [xxxvi]
Katharina's brother Baltz Schmid was also living in Pleasant Township.[xxxvii]
In 1880 James A. Garfield defeated Winfield S. Hancock in the presidential
campaign. Garfield was assassinated in September 1881. The first blizzard
mentioned in Laura Ingalls Wilder's The Long Winter pummeled the prairie
in the Dakota Territory.[xxxviii]
In 1882 Henry received a patent confirming his claim for 160
acres of land in Lincoln County. The patent was signed by U.S. President
Chester Arthur. [xxxix]
In 1892 Henry received a patent for his
claim on 160 acres under the Timber Culture Act of 1873.[xl]
The Act allowed a claim of an additional 160 acres provided ten acres of trees
were planted and had to survive at least ten years.[xli]
Around the time that Henry arrived in the Dakota Territory a
group known as the Swiss Volhynians arrived in the southeastern part of the
Territory. The Volhynians were Swiss
Mennonites who had migrated to Russia in the late eighteenth century with a
promise of greater toleration. Many decided
to leave the Russian Empire as moves were made to “Russianize” the empire in
the 1860s. The Mennonites primarily settled in Hutchinson and Turner counties
north of Yankton, South Dakota. Naturalization records for South Dakota show
quite a few people with the Kundert surname from Russia though no connection
between them and the Kunderts in Glarus has been made. See this article for more about the
Volhynians - benjamin_w_goossen.pdf
(swissmennonite.org).[xlii]
Henry and Katharina raised Poland China hogs. The Poland
China is a breed of domestic pig, first bred in the Miami Valley, Ohio, United
States, in 1816, deriving from many breeds including the Berkshire and
Hampshire. It is the oldest American breed of swine. The Poland China hog was reportedly
first bred on the Hankinson Farm in Blue Ball, Warren County, Ohio. As an
aside, my wife Martha's maternal grandfather, Clarence Rau and his father John
Rau were breeders of Poland China hogs in southern Ohio.[xliii]
In the 1885 South Dakota Census Henry and Katharine were
living in Lincoln County with sons Otto, Henry, and daughters Aurora and
Annetta.[xliv]
An article in The Canton Advocate [Dakota Territory] dated 27 October 1887
mentions Henry:
“Henry Kundert is another successful [resident] of
Pleasant Township. He came out here from Wisconsin in 1873; ever since has been
carrying on a large farm of 320 acres. Mr. Kundert is [sic] might be called
‘well-fixed,’ having accumulated his property through strict attention to
business.”[xlv]
The Dakota Farmer’s Leader noted that Henry sold land
in 1898 for $6,000 ($198,000 in 2021 dollars).[xlvi] The entry in Minnesota and Its People
said that he sold his original homestead claim in 1898 which was 160-acres. In
1901 he bought 500 acres of land at $35 per acre near Yankton. In 2021 dollars that would be about $540,000.[xlvii]
After retiring from farming, Henry and Katharina moved to Yankton, South
Dakota.
During World War One Henry and Katharina’s son, Edwin, died 19
October 1918 while in an Army training camp at Camp Funston, Kansas of
pneumonia. He had just turned thirty in September.[xlviii]
The average age of a soldier in World War One was about 24 years old.[xlix]
Kansas is believed to have been ground zero for the 1918 Influenza epidemic. Camp Funston, at Fort Riley, was the
largest training facility in the Army, training over 50,000 men from all over
the Midwest.[l] A Johnson County, Kansas History blog
post in 2018 reports the following:
“The 1918 variation of influenza attacked the lungs most
aggressively, leading the body to create virus-fighting toxins. Because so much
damage was done to the lungs by the virus, the body’s own toxins further
damaged the lungs, leading to a severe pneumonia. Many—especially the young,
whose bodies could best fight the virus—were unable to recover from the lung
damage, and ultimately died from pneumonia. In October 1918, over 1,100
soldiers at Camp Funston and Fort Leavenworth died (689 from pneumonia, 319
from influenza)”.[li]
Edwin was my great-grandmother Amanda Boegli’s first
cousin. Another of Amanda’s first
cousins, Garnet Butler, died of diphtheria at Camp Merritt, New Jersey shortly
before he was scheduled to embark for France.
Henry died in 1926 and Katharina died in 1935. They had at
least nine children – Otto, Henry, August, Annetta, Edwin, Idella Ruth, Eva
Alice, Beatrice Adelia, and Aurora. The Canton Advocate in Canton, South
Dakota reported in its October 26, 1882 issue that a young daughter, unnamed,
died of diphtheria.[lii]
[i] Burnquist, Joseph Alfred Arner, Ed. Minnesota
and its People, Volume 4. S.J. Clarke Publishing Company. 1924. P 102.
[ii][ii]
https://ancestralfindings.com/what-are-county-history-books-and-how-can-they-help-with-your-genealogy/
Accessed 4/15/2021.
[v] Ancestry.com.
New York, U.S., Arriving Passenger and Crew Lists (including Castle Garden and
Ellis Island), 1820-1957 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com
Operations, Inc., 2010.Year: 1853; Arrival: New York, New York, USA; Microfilm
Serial: M237, 1820-1897; Line: 40; List Number: 353. Accessed 3/3/2021.
[vi]
Schelbert, Leo, ed., New Glarus 1845-1970: The Making of a Swiss American
Town. 1970. Kommissionsverlag Tschudi & Co., AG. Glarus. Pg. 202-203.
[vii] National
Archives and Records Administration (NARA); Washington, D.C.; Soundex Index to
Naturalization Petitions for the United States District and Circuit Courts,
Northern District of Illinois and Immigration and Naturalization Service
District 9, 1840-19. U.S. Naturalization Record Indexes, 1791-1992 (Indexed in
World Archives Project). Ancestry.com
Operations, Inc. 2010. Accessed 6/28/2021.
[viii] Year: 1850; Census Place: New
Glarus, Green, Wisconsin; Roll: 999; Page: 303b. Ancestry.com.
1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA:
Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.
Original data: Seventh Census of the United States, 1850; (National Archives
Microfilm Publication M432, 1009 rolls); Records of the Bureau of the Census,
Record Group 29; National Archives, Washington, D.C. Accessed 6/27/2021.
[ix]
Year: 1853; Arrival: New York,
New York, USA; Microfilm Serial: M237, 1820-1897; Line: 58; List Number: 346. New
York, Passenger Lists, 1820-1957.Ancestry.com. Accessed 6/27/2021.
[x] https://www.history.com/topics/abolitionist-movement/compromise-of-1850.
Accessed 3/3//2021.
[xii]Ancestry.com.
Wisconsin, U.S., Marriage Index, 1820-1907 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA:
Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2000. Original data: Wisconsin Department of
Health and Family Services. Wisconsin Vital Record Index, pre-1907. Madison,
WI, USA: Wisconsin Department of Health and Family Services Vital Records
Division. Accessed 3/4/2021.
[xiv]
Dahle, Thomas Locke. A History and Genealogy of the Dahle-Kittleson and
Locke-Ness Families. United States, T.L. Dahle, 1984. P. 80.
[xv]
Web: Netherlands,
GenealogieOnline Trees Index, 1000-2015. Ancestry.com. Ancestry.com Operations,
Inc. 2014. Accessed 6/28/2021.
[xvi]Year:
1860; Census Place: Washington, Green, Wisconsin; Page: 493; Family History
Library Film: 805411. Ancestry.com. 1860
United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com
Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. Accessed 3/4/2021.
[xvii]
Year: 1870; Census Place: Washington, Green, Wisconsin; Roll: M593_1715; Page:
282A; Family History Library Film: 553214. Ancestry.com. 1870 United States
Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations,
Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. Accessed 3/4/2021.
[xviii]
Census Year: 1870; Census Place: Washington, Green County, Wisconsin;
Schedule Type: Agriculture
[xxii]
https://www.travelsouthdakota.com/trip-ideas/article/prairie-pioneers. Accessed
3/7/2021.
[xxvi]
https://littlehouseontheprairie.com/you-need-a-farm-laura-ingalls-wilder-and-american-farming/.
Accessed 3/13/2021.
[xxvii]
Ancestry.com. South Dakota, U.S., State Census, 1905 [database on-line]. Provo,
UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014. Original data: South Dakota,
State Census, 1905. Salt Lake City, Utah: FamilySearch, 2013. Accessed
3/4/2021.
[xxviii]
"United States World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918",
database with images, FamilySearch
(https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:K68W-PWR : 23 February 2021), Otto A
Kundert, 1917-1918.
[xxx]
Year: 1900; Census Place: Lake, Aurora, South Dakota; Roll: 1546; Page: 1A;
Enumeration District: 0004; FHL microfilm: 1241546. Ancestry.com. 1900
United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA:
Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004. Original data: United States of America,
Bureau of the Census. Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900.
Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1900. T623,
1854 rolls. Accessed 4/15/2021.
[xxxi]
Ancestry.com. U.S., Naturalization Record Indexes, 1791-1992
(Indexed in World Archives Project) [database on-line]. Provo, UT,
USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Accessed 4/15/2021.
[xxxiv] Year: 1900; Census
Place: Lake, Aurora, South Dakota; Page: 1; Enumeration
District: 0004; FHL microfilm: 1241546. Ancestry.com. 1900
United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA:
Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004. United States of America, Bureau of the
Census. Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900. Washington,
D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1900. T623, 1854 rolls.
Accessed 4/14/2021.
[xxxv]
Schelbert, Leo, ed., New Glarus 1845-1970: The Making of a Swiss American
Town. 1970. Kommissionsverlag Tschudi & Co., AG. Glarus. Pg. 204.
[xxxvi]
Year: 1880; Census Place: Pleasant, Lincoln, Dakota Territory; Roll: 113; Page:
361C; Enumeration District: 015. Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter-day Saints. 1880 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Lehi,
UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2010. 1880 U.S. Census Index provided by
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints © Copyright 1999 Intellectual
Reserve, Inc. All rights reserved. All use is subject to the limited use
license and other terms and conditions applicable to this site. Original data:
Tenth Census of the United States, 1880. (NARA microfilm publication T9, 1,454
rolls). Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29. National
Archives, Washington, D.C. Accessed 3/4/2021
[xxxvii] Year: 1880; Census
Place: Pleasant, Lincoln, Dakota Territory; Roll: 113;
Page: 361D; Enumeration District: 015. Ancestry.com and The Church of
Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 1880 United States Federal
Census [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc,
2010. 1880 U.S. Census Index provided by The Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter-day Saints © Copyright 1999 Intellectual Reserve, Inc. All rights
reserved. All use is subject to the limited use license and other terms and
conditions applicable to this site. Original data: Tenth Census of the
United States, 1880. (NARA microfilm publication T9, 1,454 rolls). Records of
the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29. National Archives, Washington, D.C.
Accessed 4/14/2021.
[xxxix] Bureau of Land Management, General Land
Office Records; Washington D.C., USA; Federal Land Patents, State
Volumes. Ancestry.com. U.S., General Land Office Records, 1776-2015 [database
on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2008. Original
data: United States. Bureau of Land Management, General Land Office
Records. Automated Records Project; Federal Land Patents, State Volumes. http://www.glorecords.blm.gov/. Springfield,
Virginia: Bureau of Land Management, Eastern States, 2007. Accessed 3/16/2021.
[xliii]
https://www.thepigsite.com/breeds/poland-china. Accessed 3/6/2021.
[xliv]
Ancestry.com. South Dakota, U.S., Territorial
Census, 1885 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc,
2002. Original data: Data indexed from images from the South Dakota State
Archives microfilm collection, rolls 9527-9528. Accessed 5/13/2021.
[lii]
Newscomwc.newspapers.com. Canton Advocate. 26 Oct 1882. Accessed 3/6/2021.
