Friday, April 21, 2023

Johann Heinrich (Henry) Kundert (1850-1926) walks to the Dakota Territory

 

"Mr. [Henry] Kundert, Sr., came to the United States in 1853 with his mother and their first location was in Wisconsin. He walked from Wisconsin to Lincoln, Nebraska, and a little later from Lincoln to Beresford, South Dakota [Dakota Territory], where he took up a homestead claim which he improved and farmed until 1898.  He then sold the property and with the proceeds bought land in the central part of South Dakota.  He operated an entire section of land and made a specialty of breeding Poland China hogs and being very successful both in his breeding and farming operations he became a very wealthy man.  He is now seventy-three years old and he and his wife are living in Yankton, South Dakota. Mrs. Kundert being sixty-nine years of age.”[i]

Henry E. Kundert (1880-1958), a banker from Brainerd, Minnesota. He had a biographical entry in Minnesota and Its People Volume 4. The entry decribed how his father, Henry H. Kundert (and also my great-grandmother Amanda Boegli’s (1873-1942) uncle) came to the Dakota Territory. This book, published in 1924 by S.J. Clarke Publishers of Chicago, Illinois, could be described as a vanity book. One usually paid to get included in the book providing the biography and sometimes a photograph or illustrated portrait.  The genealogical information contained in these entries ranged from accurate to exaggeration.[ii] S.J. Clarke Publishers produced many town and county histories from across the United States and Canada.

Walking to Dakota

The first leg of the journey from New Glarus to Lincoln, Nebraska would have taken about 147 hours or six days by foot according to Google Maps calculations. From Lincoln to Beresford in the Dakota Territory is a 178 miles or 58 hours. Henry undertook this trip in the early to mid-1870s. Iowa was blanketed with small towns and farms.  While the transcontinental railroad had been completed in 1869, railroads only began completing lines across Iowa in the late 1870s.[iii]  He may have stopped for a while along the way to work on farms or in towns to earn money. To attract settlers, Lincoln, Nebraska promoted the wealth of the nearby salt basins. While this did not pan out, Lincoln became the state capitol.[iv]  Henry moved on to Beresford in the Dakota Territory. He had traveled much farther than 600 miles in 1853, immigrating from Rüti, Glarus, Switzerland to New Glarus, Wisconsin, an estimated 5,000-mile trip.

Background in Switzerland

Henry was born Johann Heinrich Kundert in 1850 in Rüti to Johann Heinrich Kundert (1819-1851) and Elsbeth Kundert (1823-1886).  Johann Heinrich, Sr. died in 1851 at the age of thirty-two, leaving Elsbeth a widow with seven children, the oldest, Jacob (1842-1862), about nine years old and the youngest, Caspar (1851-1914), an infant. Henry himself was still less than a year old.

Immigration to New Glarus, Wisconsin

In 1853 Henry, with mother Elsbeth, maternal grandmother Sara Voegeli Kundert (1792-1886) and siblings, immigrated to the United States. The manifest for the passenger ship, Liddons, includes thirty-one people with the surname Kundert along with other families from Glarus including Voegelis, Schindlers, and Streiffs.[v] They journeyed from Glarus to Liverpool, England before crossing the Atlantic Ocean to New York City. 

The destination was the Swiss colony in New Glarus, Wisconsin established in 1845, three years before Wisconsin’s statehood. Henry’s brother-in-law, John Luchsinger, wrote an article about the colony and was published in the Wisconsin Historical Collections, Volume XII in 1892. Here is a link to images of John Luchsinger’s article - The planting of the Swiss colony at New Glarus, Wis. | Library of Congress (loc.gov). Here is a link from the Library of Congress with pages from the diary of Mathias Duerst who recorded the trip - Diary of one of the original colonist of New Glarus, 1845 | Library of Congress (loc.gov).

There were several Kundert families among the 1845 New Glarus colonists. Only one Kundert family seems to have continued on to New Glarus – the Paulus and Barbara Zopfi Kundert family.  Paulus was born in Rüti in 1785.  He died in New Glarus in 1852.[vi]  Probably a relative to Henry but the connection has not been made.

Elsbeth’s oldest brother, Thomas Kundert (1813-1882), had already immigrated to New Glarus in 1847. An 1853 naturalization record says that Thomas arrived in New York City on 4 May 1847 with his wife Amelia Hoesly (1820-1889) and several children.[vii]   Thomas and his family are listed in the 1850 Federal Census for New Glarus Township.[viii]

Elsbeth’s older sister, Anna Kundert Babler, actually took a different ship, the Rosalie, from Antwerp and arrived in New York one day earlier than Elsbeth on 2 May 1853.[ix] Elsbeth had a number of siblings that did not survive to adulthood. All but one of the remaining siblings came to America as far as can be determined.  Her only known sibling remaining in Switzerland was Caspar Kundert (1815-1886). Many of his children came to America later.

No Statue of Liberty greeted the Kunderts when they arrived in America as it was not erected until 1886.  Immigrants were received at Castle Garden Island, a precursor to Ellis Island.  The U.S. president was Franklin Pierce (1804-1869), who had become president in the wake of the Compromise of 1850.  The Compromise was meant to end the dispute over slavery in the new territories following the Mexican-American War. The Compromise included the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 making it easier for slaveowners to recover runaway enslaved people.[x]  

From New York City the Kunderts may have traveled via the Erie Canal, a common route between 1840 and 1860.[xi] The Canal was a 363-mile waterway connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean via New York State. I researched the Disch family who settled in Milwaukee.  According to a story, the family traveled by ox cart from New Jersey to Milwaukee.

New Glarus

Elsbeth settled her family in New Glarus Township.  In 1855 Elsbeth married Dow Locke.[xii]  One child was born to this marriage, Henry’s half-brother Thomas Locke (1857-1913). The marriage appears over by 1860. Elsbeth was listed as the head of household in the 1860 Federal Census with no sign of Mr. Locke.  A Dow Locke was living in Waseca County, Minnesota in 1860 but it has not been established that they are the same person.  Thomas Locke is listed as Thomas Kundert in the census. Thomas owned and operated the Mount Horeb House Hotel at 104-106 S. Second St, Mount Horeb, Wisconsin from 1891 until 1902.[xiii] The connection between Thomas and the Kundert family was found in A History and Genealogy of the Dahle-Kittleson and Locke-Ness Families by Thomas Locke Dahle.[xiv]

In the same year Elsbeth married Dow Locke, her older sister Anna Kundert Babler died in June following childbirth that May. [xv] She was married to Jacob Babler and she had given birth to at least ten children between 1841 and 1855 but only one child, Peter Babler (1845-1905), appears to have survived to adulthood.

Henry Kundert is not listed in the 1860 Federal Census with his mother’s household.  He would have been around ten years old.  There is a Henry Kundert in the household of Markus and Magdalena Hefty in Washington Township but a connection to this Henry Kundert has not been made.[xvi] In 1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected President. South Carolina declared it was seceding at the end of the year.

The watershed event of the 1860s was the American Civil War.  Henry took no part in it. He was ten years old in 1860.  His oldest brother, Jacob Kundert, was with the 2nd Wisconsin Infantry, part of the Iron Brigade of the West, and died at the battle of Antietam in September 1862.

In the 1870 Federal Census, Henry’s occupation was farm laborer and lived with his brother Abraham and Abraham's wife Katherine Hoesly.  Elsbeth Kundert also lived with them.[xvii] The 1870 Census included an Agricultural Census.  The farm had 100 acres of improved land and 60 acres unimproved with two horses, four milk cows, and eight swine.  The following crops were produced: 320 bushels spring wheat, 100 bushels corn, and 300 bushels oats.[xviii] The biggest cash crop for Wisconsin farmers was wheat, going back to early settlement. An essay from Wisconsinhistory.org describes the decline of wheat farming:

“Most of the people who immigrated intended to become farmers, especially of wheat because of its low initial planting cost and relative high rate of return. Wisconsin was producing the second highest wheat yield in the U.S. by 1860.  Over the next five years, Wisconsin farmers harvested over 100 million bushels, more than two-thirds of which were exported. Wheat production peaked statewide in 1870 but signs of its decline had already been evident as early as the 1850s in some areas of the state. Three factors led to its decline: soil depletion, unsteady prices, and the railroads. Railroad development made eastern markets more accessible at the same time that it opened up more fertile lands west of Wisconsin, in Minnesota and the Dakotas.”[xix]

Consequently, by the early 1870s, people were headed west for new land.

Going to the Dakota Territory

An article regarding a Glarner colony in Beresford, South Dakota is contained in Patrick Wild’s website called the glarusfamilytree.com.[xx] According to Wild, a group of Swiss from New Glarus, who all served in the same Civil War company, decided to move to the Dakotas in the early 1870s attracted by the promise of the Homestead Act of 1862.[xxi] The Homestead Act was passed by Congress in 1862 to boost settlement of western lands. A 160-acre farm might cost $18 (about $432 in 2021 dollars). A settler had to homestead on the property for five years. Advertisements promised abundant farmland.[xxii] Henry was among those that would make a homestead claim. 

A number of men from the New Glarus area served with Company K of the Ninth Wisconsin Infantry.[xxiii]  The regiment spent time in Kansas, Missouri, and what was called Indian Territory where the members became familiar with the Great Plains. The first group to go west was comprised of Fridolin Kundert (1823-1891), a distant relative of Henry Kundert’s on his paternal line. Mathias Schmid (1830-1915), Henry Kundert’s future father-in-law. Thomas Voegeli (1826-) and Gabriel Voegeli (1843-1921) both distant relatives from Henry Kundert’s paternal line. Mathias Duerst (1833-1917) an uncle married to Elsbeth Kundert’s sister Rosina Kundert (1831-1896).[xxiv]

Patrick Wild writes on glarusfamilytree.com:

“About 1872/73 the small band of ex Civil War compatriots from New Glarus (Fridolin Kundert, Mathias Schmid, Thomas and Gabriel Voegeli and Mathias Duerst) set out for government lands in Pleasant Township, Dakota Territory (later South Dakota). They traveled to Wright County, Iowa where they rested and worked and then onward to take up these homesteads. The group arrived in 1873 and filed claims at the Yankton, Dakota Territory land office, more than 60 miles away. It could take a decade or more before they had free and clear ownership of the property. In addition to land claims, they filed Tree Claims to help plant trees to break up the prairie. There were cottonwood trees and other small trees along creeks and rivers. The wood was too soft for construction. Most wood had to be shipped into the area for buildings, although some maple and elm were available….

They built sod houses, heated with twisted hay bundles and dried cow dung (called by the pioneers - cow chips). They had a wood cook stove but found only a ration of corn meal mush and bread and what game they could find. They picked wild chicory to grind and make a coffee type drink. There were massive prairie fires and grasshopper invasions….” [xxv]

Among other settlers in the Dakota Territory in the same period was Charles Ingalls Wilder with his daughter, Laura Ingalls Wilder, author of the Little House on the Prairie.  The website Littlehouseonprairie.com describes the Territory:

“For decades after early white explorers traversed them, the Great Plains had remained unsettled [Except for the people already living there]. Long known for grasshopper plagues and Indian hostilities, the prairies were remarkable more for aridity than for fertility, a fact not lost on cautious farmers, who first snapped up richer, well-watered lands further east. The railroad hastened to assure newcomers that “the Indians have been removed,” but the other insurmountable challenge of the Plains remained: the climate. When the Ingalls family left Walnut Grove, Minnesota, for Dakota Territory, they were moving to a far drier and notoriously fickle country.”[xxvi]

Here is a link about the homesteading process: HomesteadingDakota.pdf (sd.gov).

When did Henry arrive in the Dakota Territory?

Henry was still in Wisconsin when the census taker came on July 8, 1870.  A 1905 South Dakota State Census entry reported that he arrived in the Dakotas about 1874.[xxvii] In subsequent state censuses the arrival year was reported as 1875. As noted above, the Swiss families that came before, stopped in Iowa to rest and work for a while before moving on to the Dakota Territory. Possibly, Henry stayed for a while in Lincoln, Nebraska to earn money but did not stay. Henry’s oldest documented child, Otto, was born 6 September 1878 in the Dakota Territory.[xxviii] An 1887 article in the Canton Advocate from Canton, South Dakota reported that Henry arrived in 1873.[xxix]  

Henry reported that he was naturalized in the 1900 Federal Census.[xxx] He became a naturalized citizen in the jurisdiction of Green County, Wisconsin on March 2, 1874.[xxxi] If this is the same Henry Kundert, did he begin the process in Wisconsin and come back to finish it or had he stayed in Wisconsin until early 1874? No record of naturalization has been found in a South Dakota jurisdiction. So, he may have come to the Dakota Territory between 1873 and 1875. South Dakota did not become a state until late 1889.

In the early 1870s America Ulysses Grant was president.  The Panic of 1873 caused the first 'Great Depression' in the United States and reverberated abroad lasting until about 1879.[xxxii]  Jesse James and the James-Younger Gang committed the first successful train robbery in the American West, taking three thousand dollars from the Rock Island Express at Adair, Iowa about sixty miles west of Des Moines in 1873. The Women's Crusade of 1873-74 founded in Fredonia, New York marched against retail liquor dealers, leading to the creation of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. Susan B. Anthony illegally cast a presidential ballot at Rochester, New York to publicize the cause of a woman's right to vote. The Seventh Cavalry under the command of Lt. Colonel George Armstrong Custer engaged the Sioux for the first time in Montana in 1873. [xxxiii]   This was also the era of Reconstruction in the south.

Settled in the Dakota Territory

Henry married Anna Katharina Schmid [I will refer to her as Katharina going forward] about 1875 as reported in the 1900 Federal Census.[xxxiv] Katharina was born about 1856 in New Glarus, Wisconsin to Matthias and Magdalena Duerst Schmid. Mathias and Magdalena had come to the Dakota Territory in the early 1870s as part of the first group of Glarners mentioned above. Katharina’s grandparents Mathias and Anna Katharina Schmid and her father Mathias were among the original New Glarus colonists in 1845.[xxxv]

In 1880 Henry and Katharina lived in Pleasant Township, Lincoln County, Dakota Territory.  The county is located just south of Sioux Falls, South Dakota and on the border with Iowa. There were two children, Otto, age 1, and Henry, age 4 months. [xxxvi] Katharina's brother Baltz Schmid was also living in Pleasant Township.[xxxvii] In 1880 James A. Garfield defeated Winfield S. Hancock in the presidential campaign. Garfield was assassinated in September 1881. The first blizzard mentioned in Laura Ingalls Wilder's The Long Winter pummeled the prairie in the Dakota Territory.[xxxviii]

In 1882 Henry received a patent confirming his claim for 160 acres of land in Lincoln County. The patent was signed by U.S. President Chester Arthur. [xxxix]  In 1892 Henry received a patent for his claim on 160 acres under the Timber Culture Act of 1873.[xl] The Act allowed a claim of an additional 160 acres provided ten acres of trees were planted and had to survive at least ten years.[xli]

Around the time that Henry arrived in the Dakota Territory a group known as the Swiss Volhynians arrived in the southeastern part of the Territory.  The Volhynians were Swiss Mennonites who had migrated to Russia in the late eighteenth century with a promise of greater toleration.  Many decided to leave the Russian Empire as moves were made to “Russianize” the empire in the 1860s. The Mennonites primarily settled in Hutchinson and Turner counties north of Yankton, South Dakota. Naturalization records for South Dakota show quite a few people with the Kundert surname from Russia though no connection between them and the Kunderts in Glarus has been made.  See this article for more about the Volhynians - benjamin_w_goossen.pdf (swissmennonite.org).[xlii]

Henry and Katharina raised Poland China hogs. The Poland China is a breed of domestic pig, first bred in the Miami Valley, Ohio, United States, in 1816, deriving from many breeds including the Berkshire and Hampshire. It is the oldest American breed of swine. The Poland China hog was reportedly first bred on the Hankinson Farm in Blue Ball, Warren County, Ohio. As an aside, my wife Martha's maternal grandfather, Clarence Rau and his father John Rau were breeders of Poland China hogs in southern Ohio.[xliii]   

In the 1885 South Dakota Census Henry and Katharine were living in Lincoln County with sons Otto, Henry, and daughters Aurora and Annetta.[xliv] An article in The Canton Advocate [Dakota Territory] dated 27 October 1887 mentions Henry:

“Henry Kundert is another successful [resident] of Pleasant Township. He came out here from Wisconsin in 1873; ever since has been carrying on a large farm of 320 acres. Mr. Kundert is [sic] might be called ‘well-fixed,’ having accumulated his property through strict attention to business.”[xlv]

The Dakota Farmer’s Leader noted that Henry sold land in 1898 for $6,000 ($198,000 in 2021 dollars).[xlvi]  The entry in Minnesota and Its People said that he sold his original homestead claim in 1898 which was 160-acres. In 1901 he bought 500 acres of land at $35 per acre near Yankton.  In 2021 dollars that would be about $540,000.[xlvii] After retiring from farming, Henry and Katharina moved to Yankton, South Dakota.

During World War One Henry and Katharina’s son, Edwin, died 19 October 1918 while in an Army training camp at Camp Funston, Kansas of pneumonia. He had just turned thirty in September.[xlviii] The average age of a soldier in World War One was about 24 years old.[xlix] Kansas is believed to have been ground zero for the 1918 Influenza epidemic. Camp Funston, at Fort Riley, was the largest training facility in the Army, training over 50,000 men from all over the Midwest.[l] A Johnson County, Kansas History blog post in 2018 reports the following:

“The 1918 variation of influenza attacked the lungs most aggressively, leading the body to create virus-fighting toxins. Because so much damage was done to the lungs by the virus, the body’s own toxins further damaged the lungs, leading to a severe pneumonia. Many—especially the young, whose bodies could best fight the virus—were unable to recover from the lung damage, and ultimately died from pneumonia. In October 1918, over 1,100 soldiers at Camp Funston and Fort Leavenworth died (689 from pneumonia, 319 from influenza)”.[li]

Edwin was my great-grandmother Amanda Boegli’s first cousin.  Another of Amanda’s first cousins, Garnet Butler, died of diphtheria at Camp Merritt, New Jersey shortly before he was scheduled to embark for France.

Henry died in 1926 and Katharina died in 1935. They had at least nine children – Otto, Henry, August, Annetta, Edwin, Idella Ruth, Eva Alice, Beatrice Adelia, and Aurora. The Canton Advocate in Canton, South Dakota reported in its October 26, 1882 issue that a young daughter, unnamed, died of diphtheria.[lii]


[i]  Burnquist, Joseph Alfred Arner, Ed. Minnesota and its People, Volume 4. S.J. Clarke Publishing Company. 1924. P 102.

[ii][ii] https://ancestralfindings.com/what-are-county-history-books-and-how-can-they-help-with-your-genealogy/ Accessed 4/15/2021.

[v] Ancestry.com. New York, U.S., Arriving Passenger and Crew Lists (including Castle Garden and Ellis Island), 1820-1957 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.Year: 1853; Arrival: New York, New York, USA; Microfilm Serial: M237, 1820-1897; Line: 40; List Number: 353. Accessed 3/3/2021.

[vi] Schelbert, Leo, ed., New Glarus 1845-1970: The Making of a Swiss American Town. 1970. Kommissionsverlag Tschudi & Co., AG. Glarus. Pg. 202-203.

[vii] National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); Washington, D.C.; Soundex Index to Naturalization Petitions for the United States District and Circuit Courts, Northern District of Illinois and Immigration and Naturalization Service District 9, 1840-19. U.S. Naturalization Record Indexes, 1791-1992 (Indexed in World Archives Project).   Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. 2010. Accessed 6/28/2021.

[viii] Year: 1850; Census Place: New Glarus, Green, Wisconsin; Roll: 999; Page: 303b. Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. Original data: Seventh Census of the United States, 1850; (National Archives Microfilm Publication M432, 1009 rolls); Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29; National Archives, Washington, D.C. Accessed 6/27/2021.

[ix] Year: 1853; Arrival: New York, New York, USA; Microfilm Serial: M237, 1820-1897; Line: 58; List Number: 346. New York, Passenger Lists, 1820-1957.Ancestry.com. Accessed 6/27/2021.

[x] https://www.history.com/topics/abolitionist-movement/compromise-of-1850. Accessed 3/3//2021.

[xii]Ancestry.com. Wisconsin, U.S., Marriage Index, 1820-1907 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2000. Original data: Wisconsin Department of Health and Family Services. Wisconsin Vital Record Index, pre-1907. Madison, WI, USA: Wisconsin Department of Health and Family Services Vital Records Division. Accessed 3/4/2021.

[xiv] Dahle, Thomas Locke. A History and Genealogy of the Dahle-Kittleson and Locke-Ness Families. United States, T.L. Dahle, 1984. P. 80.

[xv] Web: Netherlands, GenealogieOnline Trees Index, 1000-2015. Ancestry.com. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. 2014. Accessed 6/28/2021.

[xvi]Year: 1860; Census Place: Washington, Green, Wisconsin; Page: 493; Family History Library Film: 805411.  Ancestry.com. 1860 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. Accessed 3/4/2021.

[xvii] Year: 1870; Census Place: Washington, Green, Wisconsin; Roll: M593_1715; Page: 282A; Family History Library Film: 553214. Ancestry.com. 1870 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. Accessed 3/4/2021.

[xviii] Census Year: 1870; Census Place: Washington, Green County, Wisconsin; Schedule Type: Agriculture

[xxii] https://www.travelsouthdakota.com/trip-ideas/article/prairie-pioneers. Accessed 3/7/2021.

[xxvi] https://littlehouseontheprairie.com/you-need-a-farm-laura-ingalls-wilder-and-american-farming/. Accessed 3/13/2021.

[xxvii] Ancestry.com. South Dakota, U.S., State Census, 1905 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014. Original data: South Dakota, State Census, 1905. Salt Lake City, Utah: FamilySearch, 2013. Accessed 3/4/2021.

[xxviii] "United States World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918", database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:K68W-PWR : 23 February 2021), Otto A Kundert, 1917-1918.

[xxix] The Canton Advocate. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/ 27 October 1887. Accessed 3/14/2021

[xxx] Year: 1900; Census Place: Lake, Aurora, South Dakota; Roll: 1546; Page: 1A; Enumeration District: 0004; FHL microfilm: 1241546. Ancestry.com. 1900 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004. Original data: United States of America, Bureau of the Census. Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1900. T623, 1854 rolls. Accessed 4/15/2021.

[xxxi] Ancestry.com. U.S., Naturalization Record Indexes, 1791-1992 (Indexed in World Archives Project) [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Accessed 4/15/2021.

[xxxiv] Year: 1900; Census Place: Lake, Aurora, South Dakota; Page: 1; Enumeration District: 0004; FHL microfilm: 1241546. Ancestry.com. 1900 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004. United States of America, Bureau of the Census. Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1900. T623, 1854 rolls. Accessed 4/14/2021.

[xxxv] Schelbert, Leo, ed., New Glarus 1845-1970: The Making of a Swiss American Town. 1970. Kommissionsverlag Tschudi & Co., AG. Glarus. Pg. 204.

[xxxvi] Year: 1880; Census Place: Pleasant, Lincoln, Dakota Territory; Roll: 113; Page: 361C; Enumeration District: 015. Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 1880 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2010. 1880 U.S. Census Index provided by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints © Copyright 1999 Intellectual Reserve, Inc. All rights reserved. All use is subject to the limited use license and other terms and conditions applicable to this site. Original data: Tenth Census of the United States, 1880. (NARA microfilm publication T9, 1,454 rolls). Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29. National Archives, Washington, D.C. Accessed 3/4/2021

[xxxvii] Year: 1880; Census Place: Pleasant, Lincoln, Dakota Territory; Roll: 113; Page: 361D; Enumeration District: 015. Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 1880 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2010. 1880 U.S. Census Index provided by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints © Copyright 1999 Intellectual Reserve, Inc. All rights reserved. All use is subject to the limited use license and other terms and conditions applicable to this site. Original data: Tenth Census of the United States, 1880. (NARA microfilm publication T9, 1,454 rolls). Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29. National Archives, Washington, D.C. Accessed 4/14/2021.

[xxxix] Bureau of Land Management, General Land Office Records; Washington D.C., USA; Federal Land Patents, State Volumes. Ancestry.com. U.S., General Land Office Records, 1776-2015 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2008. Original data: United States. Bureau of Land Management, General Land Office Records. Automated Records Project; Federal Land Patents, State Volumes. http://www.glorecords.blm.gov/. Springfield, Virginia: Bureau of Land Management, Eastern States, 2007. Accessed 3/16/2021.

[xl] CDI Details - BLM GLO Records Accessed 3/19/2021.

[xli] HomesteadingDakota.pdf (sd.gov). Accessed 3/19/2021.

[xliii] https://www.thepigsite.com/breeds/poland-china. Accessed 3/6/2021.

[xliv] Ancestry.com. South Dakota, U.S., Territorial Census, 1885 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2002. Original data: Data indexed from images from the South Dakota State Archives microfilm collection, rolls 9527-9528. Accessed 5/13/2021.

[xlv] The Canton Advocate. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/ 27 October 1887. Accessed 3/14/2021.

[xlvii] Nachrichten-Herold. 31 October 1901. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/. Accessed 3/14/2021.

[lii] Newscomwc.newspapers.com. Canton Advocate. 26 Oct 1882. Accessed 3/6/2021.

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